Many also of the political actions of his followers are [deservedly] praised. For it is reported that the Crotonians being once impelled to make sumptuous funerals and interments, some one of them said to the people, that he had heard Pythagoras when he was discoursing about divine natures observe, that the Olympian Gods attended to the dispositions of those that sacrificed, and not to the multitude of the sacrifices; but that, on the contrary, the terrestrial Gods, as being allotted the government of things less important, rejoiced in banquets and lamentations, and farther still, in continual libations, in delicacies, and in celebrating funerals with great expense. Whence, on account of his wish to receive, Pluto is called Hades. He suffers, therefore, those that slenderly honor him to remain for a longer time in the upper world; but he always draws down some one of those who are disposed to spend profusely in funeral solemnities, in order that he may obtain the honors which take place in commemoration of the dead. In consequence of this advice, the Crotonians that heard it were of opinion, that if they conducted themselves moderately in misfortunes, they would preserve their own salvation; but that if they were immoderate in their expenses, they would all of them die prematurely. A certain person also having been made an arbitrator in an affair in which there was no witness, led each of the litigants to a certain monument, and said to one of them, the man who is buried in this monument was transcendently equitable; in consequence of which the other litigant prayed that the dead man might obtain much good; but the former said that the defunct was not at all better for the prayers of his opponent. Pythagoras, therefore, condemned what the former litigant said, but asserted that he who praised the dead man for his worth, had done that which would be of no small importance in his claim to belief. At another time, in a cause of great moment, he decided that one of the two who had agreed to settle the affair by arbitration, should pay four talents, but that the other should receive two. Afterwards, he condemned the defendant to pay three talents; and thus he appeared to have given a talent to each of them. Two persons also had fraudulently deposited a garment with a woman who belonged to a court of justice, and told her she was not to give it to either of them unless both were present. Some time after, for the purpose of circumvention, one of them received the common deposit, and said that it was with the consent of the other. But the other, who had not been present [when the garment was returned], acted the part of a sycophant, and related the compact that was made at the beginning, to the magistrates. A certain Pythagorean, however, taking up the affair said, that the woman had acted conformably to the compact, as both parties had been present. Two other persons also appeared to have a strong friendship for each other, but had fallen into a silent suspicion through a flatterer of one of them, who told him that his wife had been corrupted by the other. It so happened however, that a Pythagorean came into a brazier’s shop, where he who conceived himself to be injured, was showing to the artist a sword which he had given him to sharpen, and was indignant with him because it was not sufficiently sharp. The Pythagorean, therefore, suspecting that the sword was intended to be used against him who was accused of adultery, said, This sword is sharper than all things except calumny. This being said, caused the man to consider with himself [what it was he intended to do], and not rashly to sin against his friend who was within, and who had been previously called [by him in order that he might kill him]. A zone also that had golden ornaments having fallen [at the feet] of a certain stranger in the temple of Esculapius, and the laws forbidding any one to take up that which had fallen on the ground, a Pythagorean advised the stranger, who was indignant at this prohibition, to take away the golden ornaments which had not fallen to the ground, but to leave the zone, because this was on the ground. That circumstance, likewise, which by the ignorant is transferred to other places, is said to have happened in Crotona, viz. that during a public spectacle, some cranes flew over the theatre, and one of those who had sailed into the port, said to the person who sat near him, Do you see the witnesses? which being heard by a certain Pythagorean, he brought them into the court, consisting of a thousand magistrates, where being examined, it was found that they had thrown certain boys into the sea, and that they called the cranes who flew over the ship [at the time,] witnesses of the deed. When likewise certain persons who had recently become disciples of Pythagoras were at variance with each other, he who was the junior of the two came to the other and said to him, that there was no occasion to refer the affair to a third person, but that it rested with them to commit their anger to oblivion. He, therefore, to whom these words were addressed, replied that he was very much pleased in other respects with what had been said, but that he was ashamed that, being the elder, he had not first said the same thing to the other [who was the junior]. We might here also narrate what is said of Phinthias and Damon, of Plato and Archytas, and likewise of Clinias and Prorus. Omitting, however, these [for the present], we shall mention what is related of Eubulus the Messenian, who when he was sailing homeward, and was taken captive by the Tyrrhenians, was recognized by Nausitheus a Tyrrhenian and also a Pythagorean, because he was one of the disciples of Pythagoras, and was taken by him from the pirates, and brought with great safety to Messena. When the Carthaginians, also, were about to send more than five thousand soldiers into a desert island, Miltiades the Carthaginian, perceiving among them the Argive Possiden (both of them being Pythagoreans), went to him, and not manifesting what he intended to do, advised him to return to his native country, with all possible celerity, and having placed him in a ship that was then sailing near the shore, supplied him with what was necessary for his voyage, and thus saved the man from the dangers [to which he was exposed]. In short, he who should relate all that has taken place among the Pythagoreans in their associations with each other, would by the length of his narration exceed the proper quantity and the occasion of his treatise.
彼の追随者たちの政治的な行いの多くもまた、〔当然に〕称賛されている。というのも、次のように伝えられているからである。あるときクロトンの人々が、贅沢な葬儀と埋葬を行おうとしていたとき、彼らのうちのある者が民衆に言った。ピタゴラスが神的な本性について論じていたとき、オリュンポスの神々は犠牲を捧げる者たちの心の持ちように目を向けるのであって、犠牲の多さに目を向けるのではないが、反対に、地下の神々は、より重要でない事柄の統治を割り当てられているので、宴と嘆き、さらには絶え間ない献酒、美食、そして多額の費用をかけて葬儀を営むことを喜ぶ、と述べるのを聞いた、と。それゆえ、受け取ることを望むがゆえに、プルトンはハデスと呼ばれる。それゆえ彼は、自分をつつましく敬う者たちには、より長いあいだ上の世界にとどまることを許すが、葬儀に惜しみなく費やそうとする者たちのうちの誰かを、つねに引きずり下ろす。死者を記念して行われる栄誉を得るためである。この忠告の結果、それを聞いたクロトンの人々は、不幸において節度をもってふるまうならば自分たちの無事を保つであろうが、費用において節度を欠くならば、みな早死にするであろう、という意見になった。また、ある人が、証人のいない事件の仲裁人とされたとき、訴訟の当事者の各々をある墓碑のところへ連れて行き、そのうちの一方に、この墓碑に葬られている人は並外れて公平な人であった、と言った。それを受けて、もう一方の当事者は、その死者が多くの善を得るようにと祈ったが、前者は、死者は相手の祈りによって少しもよくなりはしない、と言った。そこでピタゴラスは、前者の当事者が言ったことを退け、死者をその値打ちのゆえに称賛した者は、信用を求める主張において少なからぬ重要性をもつことをしたのだ、と断言した。また別の時、重大な訴訟において、彼は、仲裁によって事件を解決することに同意した二人のうち、一方が4タラントンを支払い、他方が2タラントンを受け取るべきだと判決した。その後、彼は被告に3タラントンを支払うよう命じた。こうして彼は、各々に1タラントンを与えたように見えたのである。また二人の者が、ある法廷に属する女に、欺く目的で一着の衣を預け、二人がそろっているのでなければ、どちらにもそれを渡してはならない、と告げた。しばらくして、欺くために、そのうちの一人が共同の預け物を受け取り、それはもう一人の同意によるのだ、と言った。しかしもう一人は、〔衣が返されたときに〕そこにいなかったので、中傷者の役を演じ、はじめに結ばれた取り決めを役人たちに告げた。しかしあるピタゴラス派の人がこの事件を取り上げて、女は取り決めにしたがって行動したのだ、両方の当事者がそこにいたのだから、と言った。またほかに二人の者が、互いに強い友情をもっているように見えたが、そのうちの一人の追従者によって、ひそかな疑いに陥ってしまった。その追従者は彼に、おまえの妻はもう一人の男によって汚されている、と告げたのである。ところが、あるピタゴラス派の人がたまたま鍛冶屋の仕事場に入ると、自分が害されたと思い込んだ男が、研ぐように渡しておいた剣を職人に見せていて、それが十分に鋭くないと言って職人に憤っていた。そこでそのピタゴラス派の人は、その剣が姦通の罪を着せられた男に対して使われるつもりであることを察して、「この剣は、中傷を除けば何よりも鋭い」と言った。こう言われたことが、その男に〔自分が何をしようとしているのかを〕自ら考えさせ、中にいて、〔彼を殺すために〕前もって〔彼によって〕呼ばれていた友に対して、軽率に罪を犯さないようにさせたのである。また、アスクレピオスの神殿で、金の飾りのついた帯が、ある異邦人の〔足もとに〕落ちたことがあった。法は地面に落ちたものを誰も拾い上げることを禁じていたので、この禁止に憤っていた異邦人に、あるピタゴラス派の人は、地面に落ちていない金の飾りを取り去り、帯は地面にあるのだから残しておくよう忠告した。また、無知な人々によって他の場所へと移されて語られている出来事も、クロトンで起こったと言われている。すなわち、ある公の見世物のあいだに、何羽かの鶴が劇場の上を飛んでいったとき、港に航海して来た者たちのうちの一人が、そばに座っていた者に「証人たちが見えるか」と言った。それをあるピタゴラス派の人が聞いて、彼らを千人の役人から成る法廷に連れて行った。そこで取り調べられると、彼らはある少年たちを海に投げ込んでいたこと、そして〔その時〕船の上を飛んでいた鶴たちを、その行為の証人と呼んだのだということがわかった。また、最近ピタゴラスの弟子となったある者たちが互いに仲違いしていたとき、二人のうちの年下の者がもう一人のところに来て、事件を第三者に委ねる必要はない、自分たちの怒りを忘却に委ねることは自分たち次第なのだ、と言った。そこで、この言葉を向けられた者は、言われたことには他の点ではとても満足しているが、自分のほうが年長でありながら、〔年下の〕相手に同じことを先に言わなかったことを恥じている、と答えた。ここで私たちは、フィンティアスとダモン、プラトンとアルキュタス、またクレイニアスとプロロスについて語られていることも物語ることができよう。しかしこれらは〔今は〕省いて、メッセネのエウブロスについて伝えられていることを挙げよう。彼は故郷へ航海しているときにテュレニア人に捕らえられたが、テュレニア人でありピタゴラス派でもあるナウシテオスによって、ピタゴラスの弟子の一人であるとして見分けられ、彼によって海賊たちから引き取られて、無事にメッセネへと送り届けられた。また、カルタゴ人が五千人以上の兵士をある無人島に送ろうとしていたとき、カルタゴ人ミルティアデスは、彼らのうちにアルゴス人ポシデンを見つけると(二人ともピタゴラス派であった)、彼のところへ行き、自分が何をしようとしているかは明かさずに、できるかぎり急いで故郷に帰るよう彼に勧め、ちょうど岸の近くを航行していた船に彼を乗せて、航海に必要なものを与え、こうしてその男を〔彼がさらされていた〕危険から救った。要するに、ピタゴラス派の人々のあいだで、互いの交わりにおいて起こったことをすべて語ろうとする者は、その物語の長さによって、論考の適切な分量と機会とを超えてしまうであろう。
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